Pitts Repressive Policy Essay Example for Free

Pitts Repressive Policy Essay The growing threat of revolution by English radicals being influenced by Irish rebels and the French Revolution was the main thing William Pitt the younger was faced with during his time as Prime Minister. To deal with this, he reinforced a repressive policy of tough legislation strengthened through propaganda.It was not only these actions taken that managed to quell the revolutionaries from revolting. Other than the actions taken by Pitt, there was discordance between the radicals,also the loyalist reaction sparked by the war in France; these are only a few reasons amongst many. It was the contribution of factors that chastened the movement, not just a singular factor. The chance of revolution was reduced by the repressive policies put in place by Pitt as it subdued the radicals, as he adopted and introduced laws to extinguish the growth and spread of radical ideas. Habeas corpus (a legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention)was suspended by Pitt, allowing people to be imprisoned without trial for as long as it is wished. The suspension of Habeas corpus gave Pitt the right to have suspected radicals imprisoned to prevent them spreading their ideas or taking action. Another law that came into action during Pitts time in office was the 1793 Aliens Act, which prevented foreigners from entering the United Kingdom without permission, this was a precaution taken to stop the influx of French revolutionaries entering the country bringing with them radical ideas. The 1795 Public Meetings Act made meetings of more than 50 people illegal, this was a measure also to prevent radicals meeting and spreading their ideas. All the se measures were introduced to dampen the spread and popularity of the radical movement, these policies however were not the only ones that help do this. Pitt went to war with France in 1793, this caused a widespread loyalist reaction amongst the British. The war helped to influence many to have negative anti french views, this hatred of the French Revolution created a anti-revolutionary movement in England. This response to the war helped Pitt, as he was trying to prevent revolution from happening in Britain. There was a loyalist riot in 1794 in Manchester where chants about church and kings were to be heard, subsequently ‘Church and King’ clubs formed. The loyalists advertised their cause through pamphlets that supported the king. Suppport for the king spread, the government were extremely happy with the outcome, they even allowed and encourages a loyalist militia to form and by 1800 there were 100,000 members. This show of support for the king that followed the war with France was a strong opponent against the radicals. Problems within the radicals caused a divide in their goals and the path they thought was necessary to take to reach them. This could be seen when looking at some of the radical groups. Disunity in cause could be seen by looking at two figures that were part of the radical movement; Tom Paine focused solely on men’s rights, whilst Mary Wollstonecraft focused on rights for women. The London Corresponding Society believed in achieving their goals peacefully, however the Society for Constitutional Information’s leader (John Jebb) believed that ‘public agitation’ was the most effective way of reaching their goals. This lack of unity of cause and ways of achieving their aims considerably weakened the radical movement. Another factor that weakened the radical movement was the lack of genuine support for them. Food shortages started to become less frequent, the shortages were a source of anger for many of the people, and was a reason to join the radical movement, many stopped attending meetings. This change of support for the radical shows that people were not completely behind helping them change things, but just stuck with them to get issues that affected them sorted. The radical movement needed the full support of the majority of the population (lower classes) to be strong enough to succeed, once the lower classes were able to eat, support for the radicals decreased. Division was not only felt amongst the radicals, there were divisions in the Whig party over the French Revolution. This effectively lead to two camps within the party; the first led by Edmund Burke, the second led by Charles Fox, who supported the French Revolution. Burke had a more conservative view as he believed that revolution would lead to an unstable government, and believed that there should be ‘evolution’ not revolution. The emergence of anti-revolution support from within the Whig party (Burke), strengthened Pitts. This open support from the Whig party made people more likely to support Pitt than the radicals. For Pitts repressive policies to have been the main reason for his success would have to mean that without them the radical challenge couldn’t of been resisted. I believe that this statement is false. The radical movement couldn’t of caused major change to have happened as they were not united or popular enough to do so. The support that the French revolution brought about from within government helped many to not believe or want to join the radicals, it was also the loyalist reaction proceeding Britain waging war on France acted as a strong opposition to the revolutionaries and gained support. Pitt’s repressive policies was a factor , but not the most important one. I believe that it was a combination of all the factors that helped Pitt resist the radical challenge to 1801.

Social Roles And Their Effect On Perceived Intelligence Psychology Essay

Social Roles And Their Effect On Perceived Intelligence Psychology Essay Attribution has been defined as the process by which people make judgements about themselves and other people. Fritz Heider (1958), coined the phrase ‘attribution theory. Heider concluded that people make attributions about peoples behaviour based either on their internal disposition or on their external situations. In some cases the attributions may be correct but in others, one might be falling into an attribution ‘trap (Myers, 2007). According to Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde and Hankin (2004) people have a tendency to distort their own behaviour by attributing their successes to personal factors whilst attributing their failures to situational factors. This tendency is known as the Self-serving Bias. Another error in attribution, is the Fundamental Attribution Error. It is a term coined by Ross in 1977. Ross concluded that when making this error, one attributes too much to personality and too little to the influence of situations and circumstance. The Fundamental Attributio n Error has been well documented in various studies. In 1967, Jones and Harris had participants listen to pro and anti-Castro speeches. Participants were then asked to rate how pro-Castro the speech maker was. When told that the speech makers had been assigned their roles, participants still rated ‘pro-Castro speech makers as being pro-Castro and vice versa. In a study by Napolitan and Goethals (1979), an attractive woman was instructed to talk to participants. She either acted aloof and critical, or warm and friendly. Half of the people she spoke to were told that she had been given instructions on how to act. When the participants were asked to say whether the woman was a cold or a warm person, the extra information had no effect. Participants ignored the fact that the womans behaviour was situational and still attributed her behaviour to her personal disposition. In 1977, Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz conducted and experiment where people were randomly assigned roles of Questioner (Q), Contestant (C) and Observer (O). C then answered difficult general knowledge questions set by Q. The quiz was observed by O. All three roles then had to rate the general knowledge of C and Q. The outcome was that both Cs and Os rated the Qs as having better general knowledge than the Cs. The Qs rated themselves as having the same level of general knowledge as the Cs. Interestingly, the Os rated the Qs higher than the Cs even though they knew that the Qs set the questions. The Os repeatedly attributed the Qs knowing more of the answers to internal factors than the obvious situational factor. Subsequently, the 1977 Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz experiment has been replicated. This time, however, participants were asked to rate each others intelligence instead of general knowledge. The experiment also limits itself to the ratings of the Observers. The other ratings are available but have not been included here. The study aims to show that due to the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), the Observers will ignore the fact that the Questioners set the questions (situational factor) and will attribute a higher level of intelligence to the Questioner simply because of the perceived internal disposition. The experimental hypothesis leads to the directional prediction that the Observers will rate the Questioners as more intelligent than the Contestants. Method Researchers at Middlesex University set out to test the FAE by conducting an experiment with first year psychology students. In this section the details of the experiment are described. Participants Overall there were 191 PSY1012 students at Middlesex University who took part in a research methods class as part of a course requirement. Participants participated in groups of approximately 30 40. Materials Participants used a pen and paper to write down the ten general knowledge questions. Answers were written on the same page and marked by the Observer and Questioner using the same pen and paper. Participants used an additional piece of paper to rate the intelligence. Design The experiment had a one-tailed, repeated measures design. The independent variable was the role being rated and had two levels (Contestant and Questioner). The roles of the participants were decided voluntarily. The dependent variable was the ratings of intelligence which was measured on a scale of between 1 and 100. Participants were told that the average student studying psychology at Middlesex University has an intelligence of 50 on this particular scale. Procedure All instructions were standardized and given verbally by the Experimenter. Participants were told to arrange themselves into groups of three. They then had to assign themselves as either numbers one, two or three. They were then told that number ‘one was the Questioner and had to generate ten general knowledge questions. Number ‘two was to be the Contestant and answer the questions set by the Questioner. Number ‘three was to be the Observer and observe numbers ‘one and ‘two. Questioner took time to generate the questions, making sure that they kept secret from the Contestant. The questions were then presented to the Contestant who attempted to answer them. The Observer and Questioner then marked the answers and gave the Contestant a score out of ten. The Experimenter then instructed the participants to privately rate each of the roles intelligence. The papers were collected by the Experimenter. After this, the experiment ended. When the data was analysed , only the ratings of the Observer were taken into account. Results Table 1 indicates that when only the Observers ratings were analysed (N=67), the mean and standard deviations of the Observers ratings of Questioners intelligence were higher than that of Contestants. Table 1: The means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum scores for the Observers ratings of Intelligence for the Questioners and Contestants. Rating of Questioners Intelligence Rating of Contestants Intelligence Minimum 50 20 Maximum 100 95 Mean 71.37 57.93 Standard Deviation 14.36 19.34 N 67 67 A paired samples (repeated measures) t- test showed that the Observers rated the Questioners intelligence higher than that of the Contestants [t(66)= 4.98, p Discussion The results are consistent with the experimental hypothesis: The Observers rated the Questioners as having higher intelligence than the Contestants. This is consistent with previous research of attribution (Jones and Harris, 1967; Napolitan and Goethals, 1979), and more specifically; provides more evidence to the theory of the Fundamental Attribution Error (Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz, 1977). It indicates that even though people are given indisputable facts about the situation and how intelligence is presented, they choose to ignore it and still attribute intelligence to internal factors. There is no universally accepted explanation of the Fundamental Attribution Error but there are however, some hypotheses regarding the cause of it: Just-World hypothesis, Salience of the Actor and Lack of Effortful Adjustment. The Just-World Hypothesis was first theorized by Melvin Lerner (1977) and is the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Salience of the Actor is explained by how people observe others. The person becomes the primary reference point and the situation is overlooked as just background (Smith and Miller, 1979). Lack of Effortful Adjustment involves the necessity for people to make deliberate and conscious efforts to take the situational factors into account. It is demonstrated by Gilbert (1989) when his study showed that people commit the FAE more regularly when they lacked motivation and energy. The data of this study could be influenced by the fact that participants knew each other. Even though the ratings were anonymous, peoples preconceived ideas of their colleagues intelligence could have influenced the data. In replication, it could be interesting to have a repeated measures design where participants are rated by strangers as well as colleagues, and the scores then compared. Publishing experiments like this one can lead to providing people with more ‘debiasing techniques. People can become more aware of the situational factors by perhaps asking themselves how they would react in the same situation or by making a deliberate attempt to look for unseen causes or factors. This could prove helpful in all areas of decision making, problem solving and interpersonal relationships. References Heider, F. (1958).The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: John Wiley Sons. Jones, E. E. Harris, V. A. (1967). ‘The attribution of attitudes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, p.1-24. Lerner, M. J. Miller, D. T. (1977). ‘Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead.Psychological Bulletin.85. p. 1030-1051. Mezulis, A. M., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S. Hankin, B.L. (2004). ‘Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin. 130. p. 738. Myers, D. G. (2007). Psychology. (8th ed). United States of America: Worth Publishers. Napolitan, D. A. Goethals, G. R. (1979). ‘The attribution of friendliness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 15. p. 724. Ross, L. (1977). ‘The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in experimental social psychology. 10. p.173-220. Ross, L. D., Amabile, T. M. Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). ‘Social Roles, Social Controls, and Biases in Social-Perception Processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35. (7). p. 485-494. Smith, E. R., Miller, F. D. (1979). ‘Salience and the cognitive appraisal in emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 48. p. 813-838.

Pesticides Essay -- essays research papers

Pesticides Problems with formatting There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that can destroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population because their climate is very conducive to year around crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount an... ...TM Loops, Marilyn. "Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children: What Are the Issues?" National Network for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11 Oct 1998. Available http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.html "Our Vanishing Wildlife." In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm "Pesticide and Food Safety." California Environmental Protection Agency: Department of Pesticide Regulation July 1997:1-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.cdpr.ca.gov. "Pesticides and Food Safety." IFIC Jan. 1995: 1-13. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.html Pimental, David. "Environmental and Economic Costs of Pesticides." Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. "Toxic Bananas." Multinational Monitor Sept. 1996: 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.essential.org/monitor/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. "Across the Great Divide." Sierra Sept. 1992: 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pesticides Essay -- essays research papers Pesticides Problems with formatting There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that can destroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population because their climate is very conducive to year around crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount an... ...TM Loops, Marilyn. "Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children: What Are the Issues?" National Network for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11 Oct 1998. Available http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.html "Our Vanishing Wildlife." In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm "Pesticide and Food Safety." California Environmental Protection Agency: Department of Pesticide Regulation July 1997:1-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.cdpr.ca.gov. "Pesticides and Food Safety." IFIC Jan. 1995: 1-13. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.html Pimental, David. "Environmental and Economic Costs of Pesticides." Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. "Toxic Bananas." Multinational Monitor Sept. 1996: 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.essential.org/monitor/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. "Across the Great Divide." Sierra Sept. 1992: 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Inuit People :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Inuit People Inuit: A People Preserved By Ice Thousands of years ago, during the last ice age, mile-thick glaciers covered a vast portion of North America, and the Asian continent was joined to North America by a land bridge. The Arctic areas of Alaska, Beringia, and Siberia were free of ice. Vast herds of caribou, muskoxen, and bison migrated to these plains. Following them were the nomadic Asian ancestors of today's Inuit and Indians. The doorway to Asia closed about three or four thousand years later as the glaciers receded and melted. These people: the Inuit (meaning the people), adapted to their harsh tundra environment and developed a culture that remained untainted for a long time. The Inuit people relied solely on hunting for their existence. With summers barely lasting two months, agriculture was non-existent. Animals such as caribou and seal were vital. Groups of hunters would stalk and kill many caribou with fragile bows made of driftwood, and their bounty was split evenly amongst the tribe. Bone spears were fashioned to hunt seals which provided food, oil, clothes, and tents. The seal skins were also used to construct kayaks and other boats that the Inuit would use to travel and to hunt whales. One advantage of the sterile cold of the arctic was that it kept these people free of disease (until they met the white man.) Inuit tribes consisted of two to ten loosely joined families. There was no one central leader in the group: all decisions were made by the community as a whole. Nor was there any definite set of laws; the Inuit, though usually cheery and optimistic, were prone to uncontrolled bursts of rage. Murder was common amongst them and it went unpunished unless an individual's murders occured too often. At that point, that person was deemed unstable, and the community appointed a man to terminate him/her. In their society, the duties of men and women were strictly separated. The males would hunt, fish and construct the tools used by the family. Women, however, were responsible for cleaning the animal skins, cooking, sewing the clothes ( a woman's sewing ability was equally as attractive to a man as her beauty was), and raising the children. Male children were preferred because they could care for their parents in their old age; female children when often strangled soon after birth. Although today Christianity has breached some of the southernmost tribes, the vast majority practice a form of animism.

Harvey Keitel: The Art Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Harvey Keitel: The Art of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harvey Keitel was born in Brooklyn, New York, on May 13, 1939. Harvey was the youngest of 3 children, one brother and one sister. Harvey’s childhood was rough. He spent most of his times on the streets of New York. He was raised in a rather bad neighborhood, and he began to hang out with a local gang. Although things were bad, every summer he would go to Coney Island, climb rocks, and fish. He was a normal child raised in a very dangerous place, but he knew what was the right thing and what was the wrong thing to do. Although he was in a gang, he never really got himself into much trouble.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 16, Harvey Keitel did not know what to do with his life, so he decided to enlist in the Marines. Harvey was stationed in Lebanon, and stayed there for his 3 year term. When Harvey got out of the Marines in 1959, he was still unsure of what he wanted to do for a living. For the time being, he began a job as a shoe salesman. About a year later from selling shoes, Harvey began to take an interest in becoming an actor. He began to try out for part in off Broadway plays. Stella Adler and Strasberg found promise in Harvey Keitel, and they began to teach him ways to become a better actor. Even under these two stars wings, finding work was still very hard for Harvey. He did find some job opportunities in very off Broadway plays. While Harvey Keitel was a very good actor, it did not look like he was going to be going anywhere with acting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harvey Keitel was about to give up on acting altogether, but he decided to give it a second chance when he answered a newspaper ad by Martin Scorsese, who at the time, was a NYU student looking for actors for his thesis work, Who’s That Knocking On My Door?. When Harvey and Martin met, they became fast friends, and have stayed friends since than. Keitel has worked with Scorsese many times since than, and only Robert De Niro has worked with Scorsese more than Keitel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Things were looking good for Harvey Keitel, but his career took a downfall when he was passed over for a role in Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now.

Entering True Religion Brand Jeans into Mauritius Essay

In 2002, Jeffrey Lubell founded True Religion– a brand of premium, vintage-inspired denim. Iconic for its precise fit and bold stitching details, True Religion has grown exponentially as a company and continues to operate according to its mission statement: â€Å"†¦to make quality, American-made, authentic, timeless, great fitting, 1970’s inspired jeans wear, with a trendsetting appeal for today’s consumer† (True Religion Brand Jeans, 2009). The company currently offers a wide variety of apparel and accessories for men, women, and children, and is one of America’s leading designer denim brands. As the demand for premium denim has risen over the past decade– giving rise to companies such as 7 For All Mankind and Paige Premium Denim– True Religion has remained successful by entering its products into foreign markets. True Religion jeans can be found all over Asia, Europe, and in less-developed countries such as Egypt. It is this global presence that allows the brand to maintain an edge over its competitors. Which foreign market should be entered next? While countries such as France and Italy are typical target regions amongst clothing brands, developing countries with a large tourist industry could be promising as well. One country in particular shows great potential as a new market for True Religion– Mauritius. An island located off the southwest coast of Africa, the country offers some of the world’s most stunning beaches, diverse people, a cosmopolitan society, and a booming tourist industry; all of which, would be beneficial for launching True Religion Brand Jeans. Officially named The Republic of Mauritius, the political system of the island is a democracy that has been modeled after the British Parliamentary system. This allows for free elections that take place every five years, and secures a separation of power within the government. Its legal system is primarily based on the civil law system of France, as well as English common law (Government of Mauritius, 2009). The government’s prominent presence in the Mauritian economy has proved to be extremely effective and beneficial to the country and its people. Several acts have been put into effect to diversify the island’s economy and build upon sectors that are currently successful, while striving to become a modern society with a high standard of living. The success of the country’s political and legal systems are further illustrated by Mauritius having a current real growth rate of 5. %, and being voted as the best-governed country in all of Africa (Government of Mauritius, 2009). Although developing countries may be perceived as a risky business investment, Mauritius’ economic growth and development through the years have proven otherwise. As the official government website of Mauritius states, â€Å"An attractive blend of advantages is offered to international investors. These include: political stability, pleasant and peaceful living conditions, efficient telecommunications, pool of qualified professionals conversant in English and French†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Government of Mauritius, 2009). Mauritius has an ultimate goal of modernizing its society– this includes modernizing its retail industry. Introducing True Religion jeans to the country provides the company with an untapped resource and would give True Religion a competitive edge against other premium denim brands. There are many opportunities that developing nations such as Mauritius offer. With a society that wishes to be worldly and up-to-date as well as a tourist industry that brings in people from all over the globe, Mauritius can offer True Religion Jeans an entirely new group of potential consumers, in a new and exciting location.

Intrapartum care study notes Essay

Pathophysiology, etiology and direct and indirect causes in your own words Pathophysiology: Both mother and baby begin to prepare for birth in the ï ¬ nal weeks of pregnancy. The mother is instructed to call the health care provider and come into the birthing unit if any of the following occur. Rupture of membranes, regular, frequent uterine contractions (nulliparas, 5 minutes apart for one hour; multiparas, 6-8 minutes apart for 1 hour), any vaginal bleeding or decreased fetal movement. Family centered care is a model of care based on the philosophy that physical, sociocultural, spiritual, and economic needs of the family are combined and considered collectively when planning for the childbearing family. Five factors are important in the process of labor and birth. 1)Birth passage – is the size of the maternal pelvis or diameters of the pelvic inlet, midpelvis, and outlet. The type of maternal pelvis, and the ability of the cervix to dilate and efface and ability of the vaginal canal and the external opening of the vagina to distend. 2) The fetus-fetal head, fetal attitude, fetal lie, and fetal presentation. 3) Relationship between passage and fetusengagement of the fetal presenting part, station or location of fetal presenting part in the maternal pelvis in relation to the spine, and fetal position. 4) Physiologic forces of labor -frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine contractions as the fetus moves through the passage, and effectiveness of the maternal pushing effort. 5)Psychosocial considerations-mental and physical preparation for childbirth, socio-cultural values and beliefs, previous childbirth experience, support from signiï ¬ cant other, and emotional status. Labor usually begins between 30 and 42 weeks of gestation. Pro just her own relaxes the smooth muscle  tissue, estrogen stimulates uterine muscle contractions, and connective tissue loosens to permit the softening, thinning, and eventual opening of the cervix. In true labor, with each contraction the muscles of the upper uterine segment shortening and exert a Longitudinal traction on the cervix, causing effacement in which is the drawing up of the internal OS and the cervical canal into the uterine sidewalls. The contractions of true labor produced progressive dilation and effacement of the cervix. They only occur regularly and increase in frequency, duration, and intensity. The discomfort of true labor contractions usually starts in the back and radiates around to the abdomen. The pain is not relieved by ambulation. The contractions of false labor do not produce progressive cervical effacement and dilation. They are you regular and do not increasing frequency, duration, and intensity. The discomfort may be relieved by ambulation, changing positions, drinking a large amount of water, or taking a warm shower. Exemplar Face Sheet SP12 Exemplar Face Sheet Pathophysiology, etiology and direct and indirect causes in your own words The ï ¬ rst stage begins with the onset of true labor and ends when the cervix is completely dilated at 10 cm. The second stage begins with complete dilation and ends with the birth of the newborn. The third stage begins with the birth of the newborn and ends with the delivery of the placenta. Some clinicians identify a fourth stage. This stage lasts 1 to 4 hours after delivery of the placenta, the uterus effectively contracts to control bleeding at the placental site. Maternal systemic response to labor. The mothers cardiovascular system is stressed both by the uterine contractions and by the pain, anxiety, and apprehension she experiences. During pregnancy the circulating blood volume increases by 50%. The increasing cardiac output  peaks between the second and third trimester. Maternal position also affects cardiac output. In the supine position, cardiac output lowers heart rate increases and stroke volume decreases. When turned to a lateral side laying position cardiac output increases. As a result blood-pressure rises during uterine  contractions. Oxygen demand and consumption increased at the onset of the labor because of the presence of uterine contractions. By the end of the ï ¬ rst stage of labor most women develop a mild metabolic acidosis compensated by respiratory alkalosis. The changes in acid-base status that occur in labor quickly reversed in the fourth stage because of changes in the woman’s respiratory rate. During labor there is an increase in maternal renin level, plasma renin activity, and angiotensinogen level. These help control uteroplacental bloodï ¬â€šow during birth and the early postpartum period. Gastric mobility and absorption of solid food are reduced. Some narcotics also delayed gastric emptying. White blood cell count increases to 25,000 to 30,000 cells during labor and the early postpartum Period. The change in wbc’s is mostly because of the increased neutrophils resulting from a physiologic response to stress. The increased WBC count makes it difï ¬ cult to identify the presence of an infection. Maternal blood glucose levels decrease during labor because glucoses uses an energy source. Fetal  response to labor. The mechanical and hemodynamic changes of normal labor have no adverse effect when the fetus is healthy. Heart rate deceleration can occur with intracranial pressure as the head pushes against the cervix. Bloodï ¬â€šow is decreased to the fetus at the peak of each contraction, leading to a slow decrease in pH status. The adequate exchange of nutrients and gases in the fetal capillaries depends in part on the fetal blood pressure. Fetal blood pressure is a protective mechanism for the normal fetus in the anoxic periods caused by the contracting uterus during labor. The fetus is able to experience sensations of light, sound, and touch beginning at approximately 37 or 38 weeks of gestation. Exemplar Face Sheet SP12 Exemplar Face Sheet Pathophysiology, etiology and direct and indirect causes in your own words Sometimes procedures are necessary to maintain the safety of the woman and the fetus. The most common of these  procedures are labor induction, episiotomy, cesarean birth, and vaginal birth following a previous cesarean birth. Labor induction is the stimulation of the uterine contractions before the  spontaneous onset of labor, with or without ruptured fetal  membranes, for the purpose of accomplishing birth. Risk  Factors: Other alterations may occur during the intrapartum  period. These include precipitous birth (rapid progression of labor, with birthing occuring within 3 hours or less), abruption placentae (premature separation of a normally implanted  placenta from the uterine wall. Considered to be a catastrophic event because of the severity of the resulting hemorrhage),  placenta previa (implantation of the placenta day in the lower uterine segment rather than the upper portion, resulting in  placental separation with dilation of the cervix), premature rupture of membranes (spontaneous rupture of the membranes  before the onset of labor), preterm (Labor that occurs between 20 and 36 completed weeks of pregnancy) and postterm labor (A pregnancy that exceeds 42 weeks since the last menstrual  period), hypertonic labor (ineffective uterine contractions of poor quality occurring in the latent phase of labor with increased resting tone of the myometrium and frequent contra ctions),  hypotonic labor (usually developing in the active phase of labor, characterized by 4000g at birth, often associated with excessive maternal weight, maternal obesity, maternal diabetes, or  prolonged gestation), nonreassuring fetal status (when the  oxygen supply is insufï ¬ cient to meet the physiologic needs of the fetus),  prolapsed umbilical cord (The umbilical cord precedes the fetal presenting part, placing pressure on the cord and reducing or stopping bloodï ¬â€šow to and from the fetus), amniotic ï ¬â€šuid embolism (The presence of a small tear in the amnion or chorion high in the uterus, an area of separation in the placenta, or cervical tear where a small amount of amniotic ï ¬â€šuid may leak into the chorionic plate and enter the maternal system as an amniotic ï ¬â€šuid embolism), cephalopelvic disproportion (occurs when the fetal head is too large to pass through any part of the birth passage, which can result in prolonged labor, uterine  rupture , necrosis of maternal soft tissue, cord prolapse,  excessive molding of the fetal head, or damage to the fetal skull and central nervous system), retained placenta (retention of the placenta beyond 30 minutes after birth, resulting in bleeding that may lead to shock), lacerations (tearing of the cervix or vagina. The highest risk is in young or nullipara woman, forceps assisted birth, or administration of an epidural), Exemplar Face Sheet SP12 Exemplar Face Sheet Pathophysiology, etiology and direct and indirect causes in your own words placenta accreta (The chorionic villa attached directly to the myometrium of the uterus.. The adherence itself maybe total, partial, or focal, depending on the amount of placental involved), and perinatal loss (death of a fetus or infant from the time of conception through the end of the newborn period 28 days after delivery). Interrelated Concepts (3 or more) Comfort, Mobility, Family, and Sexuality Prioritized 1. Risk for injury related to hyperstimulation of uterus caused Nursing by induction of labor.! Diagnoses (4 or more in two or 2. Anxiety related to discomfort of labor and unknown labor three part outcomes as evidence by verbal communication.! statements)! 3. Acute Pain related to uterine contractions as evidence by verbal complaints of pain. 4. Readiness for enhanced cognition related to the birth process as evidence by verbalizing concerns to nurse. Resource Links ! Grassley, J. S., & Sauls, D. J. (2012). Evaluation of the (2 or more)! Supportive Needs of Adolescents during Childbirth Intrapartum Nursing Intervention on Adolescents’ Childbirth Satisfaction and Breastfeeding Rates. JOGNN: Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 41(1), 33-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01310.x! Mathew, D., Dougall, A., Konfortion, J., & Johnson, S. (2011). The Intrapartum Scorecard: Enhancing safety on the labour ward. British Journal Of Midwifery, 19(9), 578-586.!